Black Power

Deacons for Defense Film (Full) and The Deacons for Defense and Justice: Armed Self-Defense and the Civil Rights Movement. A PhD. Dissertation by Lance E. Hill, with eBook (A follow-up to his Doctorial Thesis)

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Deacons for Defense is a 2003 American television drama film directed by Bill Duke. The television film stars Forest Whitaker, Christopher Britton, Ossie Davis, Jonathan Silverman, Adam Weiner, and Marcus Johnson. Based on a story by Michael D’Antonio, the teleplay was written by Richard Wesley and Frank Military. “The film is loosely based on the activities of the Deacons for Defense and Justice in 1965 in Bogalusa, Louisiana. The African-American self-defense organization was founded in February 1965 as an affiliate of the founding chapter in Jonesboro, Louisiana, to protect activists working with the Congress for Racial Equality (CORE), others advancing the Civil Rights Movement, and their families. Bogalusa was a company town, developed in 1906–1907 around a sawmill and paper mill operations. In the 1960s, the area was dominated by the Ku Klux Klan. During the summer of 1965, there were frequent conflicts between the Deacons and the Klan. wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_(film)

The Deacons for Defense and Justice: Armed Self-Defense and the Civil Rights Movement. A PhD. Dissertation by Lance, E. Hill

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The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement, by Lance Hill (2006)

In 1964 a small group of African American men in Jonesboro, Louisiana, defied the nonviolence policy of the mainstream civil rights movement and formed an armed self-defense organization–the Deacons for Defense and Justice–to protect movement workers from vigilante and police violence. With their largest and most famous chapter at the center of a bloody campaign in the Ku Klux Klan stronghold of Bogalusa, Louisiana, the Deacons became a popular symbol of the growing frustration with Martin Luther King Jr.’s nonviolent strategy and a rallying point for a militant working-class movement in the South.

Lance Hill offers the first detailed history of the Deacons for Defense and Justice, who grew to several hundred members and twenty-one chapters in the Deep South and led some of the most successful local campaigns in the civil rights movement. In his analysis of this important yet long-overlooked organization, Hill challenges what he calls “the myth of nonviolence–the idea that a united civil rights movement achieved its goals through nonviolent direct action led by middle-class and religious leaders. In contrast, Hill constructs a compelling historical narrative of a working-class armed self-defense movement that defied the entrenched nonviolent leadership and played a crucial role in compelling the federal government to neutralize the Klan and uphold civil rights and liberties.

SUPPLEMENTAL: Ku Klux Klan – An American Story Documentary Part 1 and Part 2

Dr. Gerald Horne_Armed Struggle: Panthers and Communists, Black Nationalists and Liberals in southern California, Through the Sixties and Seventies

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RBG Dr. Gerald Horne Video Edu. Player

Dr. Gerald Horne is an author and historian who currently holds the John J. and Rebecca Moores Chair of History and African American Studies at the University of Houston. He joins us from Houston to discuss his latest book, “Armed Struggle: Panthers and Communists, Black Nationalists and Liberals in southern California, Through the Sixties and Seventies” which is published by International Publishers.

International Publishers Book Description:

Southern California has been a leader nationally in fomenting radicalism. The Communist Party had one of its strongest units there, buoyed by influence in Hollywood. Yet, this region also has been a stalwart of the Black Liberation Movement, as suggested by the importance of the Watts Uprising of 1965 in Los Angeles and the concomitant ascendancy of the Black Panther Party, whose leaders—e.g., Eldridge Cleaver and George Jackson—had roots in Pasadena. Angela Davis, accused in the early 1970s of murder, kidnapping, and conspiracy, was not only a bridge between the CP and BPP, but studied in San Diego before teaching at UCLA.

Black Nationalism flourished in the Southland: “Kwanzaa,,” a popular holiday, was born there. Given the prominence of Black celebrities in the region, the NAACP chapter in the area was a cash cow for the entire organization and shaped policy accordingly, including their disastrous capitulation to the Red Scare.

In this exhaustively researched book, Gerald Horne sketches the apparent paradox of some African Americans turning to armed struggle at a time when it appeared that Jim Crow was retreating. He draws critical distinctions between armed propaganda, armed self-defense—and armed struggle— all of which he places in a global context of anti-war activism, the Cold War, and African liberation.

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Imprisoned Intellectuals-America’s Political Prisoners Write On Life, Liberation, Rebellion, Edited by Joy James, eBook and Audiobook (2003),Icebraker_ The Case of the Soledad Brothers_From Shackles to Handcuffs

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(L-R): Fleeta Drumgo, 26; John W. Cluchette, 28; and Jackson, 29.

Book Summary

Overview: “Imprisoned Intellectuals: America’s Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, Rebellion,” edited by Joy James, is a compelling anthology that brings together the voices of political prisoners in the United States. The book sheds light on the experiences, thoughts, and struggles of individuals who have been incarcerated for their political beliefs and activism. Through essays, letters, and reflections, the contributors explore themes of resistance, identity, and the impact of systemic oppression.

The outline that follows provides a structured overview of the themes and discussions presented in the book, showcasing the voices and experiences of those who have faced political imprisonment in America.

Outline:

  • Introduction
    • Overview of the book’s purpose and significance
    • Importance of political prisoners in contemporary society
    • Brief introduction to the editor, Joy James, and her vision for the anthology
  • Chapter 1: The Context of Political Imprisonment
    • Historical background of political imprisonment in the U.S.
    • Discussion on the targeted oppression of marginalized groups
    • Overview of the legal and social frameworks supporting political incarceration
  • Chapter 2: Voices from the Inside
    • Personal narratives from various political prisoners
    • Reflections on life in prison and the psychological effects of incarceration
    • Insights into maintaining identity and purpose while imprisoned
  • Chapter 3: Rebellion and Resistance
    • Analysis of acts of resistance and rebellion within prison walls
    • The role of solidarity among prisoners
    • Examination of hunger strikes, protests, and other forms of activism
  • Chapter 4: The Role of Education and Intellectualism
    • The importance of education and intellectual engagement for prisoners
    • Contributions of imprisoned intellectuals to social and political thought
    • Discussion on how education serves as a form of resistance
  • Chapter 5: Liberation Movements and Solidarity
    • Connections between imprisoned intellectuals and broader liberation movements
    • The role of community support and activism outside prison
    • Strategies for building solidarity and alliances for change
  • Chapter 6: The Future of Political Prisoners
    • Reflections on the potential for reform and change in the penal system
    • Hope and resilience among political prisoners
    • Calls to action for readers and activists
  • Conclusion
    • Summary of key themes and insights from the anthology
    • The ongoing struggle for justice and liberation
    • Invitation for readers to engage with the issues presented in the book
  • Appendices
    • Additional resources for understanding political imprisonment
    • Information on organizations supporting political prisoners
    • Suggested readings and further research topics

Imprisoned Intellectuals eBook Ed. Joy James

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Imprisoned Intellectuals Audiobook Part 1

Imprisoned Intellectuals Audiobook Part 2

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Baba Amefika Geuka Teaches On Black Nationalism and Nationhood (Video Edu.) and The Third Reconstruction: Black Nationalism and Race in a Revolutionary America, Manning Marable, with Red Black and Green: Black Nationalism in the United States by Alphonso Pinkney

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Last Updated 01-24-2025

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Red Black and Green: Black Nationalism in the United States by Alphonso Pinkney

Book Summary

“Red, Black and Green: Black Nationalism in the United States” by Alphonso Pinkney is a comprehensive examination of the history, ideology, and impact of Black Nationalism in the U.S. The book delves into the various movements and figures that have shaped Black Nationalist thought from the early days of American slavery to the late 20th century. Pinkney analyzes the cultural, political, and economic dimensions of Black Nationalism, exploring its significance in the broader context of the African American (New Afrikan) struggle for freedom and self-determination. Through this lens, the book examines how Black Nationalism has evolved and influenced contemporary discussions on race and identity.

The outline that follows captures the essence of “Red, Black and Green,” highlighting Alphonso Pinkney’s exploration of Black Nationalism’s historical roots, ideological development, and contemporary expressions. The book provides a thorough analysis of the cultural, political, and economic dimensions of Black Nationalism, emphasizing its significance in the broader narrative of African American (New Afrikan) history and identity.

  • Introduction
  • Overview of Black nationalism and its significance in American history
  • Explanation of the book’s objectives and scope
  • Introduction to the concepts of “Red, Black, and Green” as symbolic colors of Black Nationalism
  • Historical Roots of Black Nationalism
  • Examination of the origins of Black nationalism during slavery
    • Early expressions of resistance and self-identification
    • Key figures such as Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth
  • The impact of the Haitian Revolution on Black national consciousness
  • The influence of Pan-Africanism and global movements for independence
  • Development of Black Nationalist Ideologies
  • Exploration of different strands of Black nationalism
    • Cultural nationalism: Emphasis on Black identity and heritage
    • Political nationalism: Focus on self-governance and autonomy
    • Economic nationalism: Advocacy for Black-owned businesses and economic independence
  • Analysis of the writings and speeches of influential Black nationalists, including Marcus Garvey, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Malcolm X
  • The Role of Organizations in Black Nationalism
  • Overview of key organizations that have promoted Black nationalist ideals
    • The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and Marcus Garvey’s influence
    • The Nation of Islam and its impact on Black identity and spirituality
    • The Black Panther Party and its revolutionary agenda
  • Examination of the strategies and goals of these organizations in the pursuit of Black empowerment
  • Black Nationalism and the Civil Rights Movement
  • Analysis of the relationship between Black Nationalism and the Civil Rights Movement
    • Tensions between integrationist and nationalist approaches
    • The role of Black nationalism in shaping the rhetoric and strategies of civil rights activists
  • Case studies of key events where Black Nationalism played a prominent role, such as the Watts Riots and the Black Power Movement
  • Contemporary Expressions of Black Nationalism
  • Exploration of how Black nationalism has persisted and adapted in the late 20th century
  • The influence of hip-hop culture and contemporary artists on Black nationalist thought
  • Discussion of current movements and ideologies that reflect Black nationalist principles, including reparations and Black Lives Matter
  • Critiques and Challenges to Black Nationalism
  • Examination of criticisms directed at Black nationalism from within and outside the African American community
    • Concerns about separatism and exclusionary practices
    • Debates on the effectiveness of nationalism in achieving liberation
  • Analysis of the intersectionality of race, class, and gender within Black nationalist discourse
  • Conclusion
  • Summary of key insights regarding the evolution and impact of Black nationalism in the United States
  • Reflection on the ongoing relevance of Black nationalism in contemporary society
  • Final thoughts on the future of Black nationalist movements and their potential for social change

“Red, Black and Green” is a pivotal work that offers a detailed examination of the evolution of Black Nationalism as a significant ideological and social movement in American history. The book not only traces the historical roots of Black Nationalism but also analyzes its various manifestations and implications for African American identity and social justice. Here’s a deeper look into the key themes, contributions, and implications of Pinkney’s work:

Key Themes Explored

  • Historical Foundations of Black Nationalism
  • Pinkney emphasizes that Black Nationalism has deep historical roots, dating back to the era of slavery. Enslaved Africans developed a sense of identity and community through resistance and cultural retention.
  • The book discusses the impact of early Black leaders and activists who laid the groundwork for nationalist thought, including Frederick Douglass, who advocated for freedom and equality, and Sojourner Truth, who highlighted the intersection of race and gender in her activism.
  • The Influence of Global Movements
  • Pinkney situates Black Nationalism within a global context, highlighting the influence of Pan-Africanism and the Haitian Revolution on Black Nationalist sentiment in the U.S.
  • He discusses how the successes of other independence movements inspired African Americans to seek self-determination and empowerment, fostering a sense of global solidarity among people of African descent.
  • Diverse Ideologies within Black Nationalism
  • The book explores various strands of Black nationalism, including:
    • Cultural Nationalism: Advocating for the celebration and affirmation of Black culture, arts, and identity.
    • Political Nationalism: Emphasizing the need for self-governance, political representation, and autonomy within the broader American political landscape.
    • Economic Nationalism: Promoting the establishment of Black-owned businesses and economic independence as a means of empowerment.
  • Pinkney highlights key figures such as Marcus Garvey, who promoted African heritage and economic empowerment, and Malcolm X, who emphasized self-defense and national identity.
  • Organizations and Movements
  • The book provides an overview of significant organizations that propagated Black nationalist ideologies, including:
    • The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA): Founded by Marcus Garvey, this organization aimed to unite people of African descent and promote economic self-sufficiency.
    • The Nation of Islam: Led by figures like Elijah Muhammad and later Louis Farrakhan, this movement emphasized spiritual and cultural empowerment, alongside a critique of systemic racism.
    • The Black Panther Party: Known for its revolutionary agenda and community programs, the Panthers combined elements of Black Nationalism with a broader social justice framework.
  • Pinkney discusses how these organizations mobilized communities and influenced political discourse.
  • Interaction with the Civil Rights Movement
  • Pinkney analyzes the complex relationship between Black Nationalism and the Civil Rights Movement. He highlights the tensions between integrationist approaches, represented by leaders like Martin Luther King Jr., and nationalist perspectives that sought more radical changes.
  • The book examines how events like the Watts Riots and the rise of the Black Power Movement brought Black Nationalism to the forefront of national consciousness, emphasizing the need for autonomy and self-definition.
  • Contemporary Relevance
  • The later chapters of the book explore how Black Nationalism has persisted and transformed into contemporary expressions. Pinkney discusses the role of hip-hop culture, which often incorporates themes of resistance and empowerment, as a modern manifestation of nationalist thought.
  • He also addresses current movements like the Black Lives Matter movement, which reflect many of the principles of Black Nationalism, such as the fight against systemic racism and the demand for social justice and reparations.
  • Critiques of Black Nationalism
  • Pinkney does not shy away from presenting critiques of Black Nationalism, including concerns about its potential for exclusion and separatism. He explores the debates within the Black community regarding the effectiveness of nationalist strategies in achieving liberation and justice.
  • The book highlights the importance of intersectionality, acknowledging how race, class, and gender dynamics influence the discourse around Black Nationalism.

Conclusion and Broader Implications

  • Significance of Black Nationalism
  • In conclusion, Pinkney emphasizes that Black Nationalism is a vital part of the African American narrative and continues to play a crucial role in discussions about race, identity, and empowerment.
  • He reflects on the ongoing relevance of Black Nationalist thought in addressing systemic inequalities and fostering a sense of community and solidarity among Black Americans.
  • Future Directions
  • The book serves as both a historical account and a framework for understanding the future of Black Nationalist movements. Pinkney encourages continued engagement with the principles of Black Nationalism as a means to advocate for social change and justice.

Overall, “Red, Black and Green” is a critical contribution to the study of Black Nationalism and its impact on American history. Alphonso Pinkney’s analysis provides a rich and nuanced understanding of the complexities of Black Nationalism, its ideological diversity, and its enduring significance in the ongoing struggle for racial equality and justice. The book invites readers to consider how the legacy of Black Nationalism continues to shape contemporary discourse on race and identity in the United States.

Red Black and Green: Black Nationalism in the United States by Alphonso Pinkney_eBook

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THE BLACK NATION Journal (Vols. 1-5)_Editor Amiri Baraka, with Video Education

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The Black Nation was a journal published by the League of Revolutionary Struggle (Marxist-Leninist)

THE BLACK NATION Journal_Editor Amiri Baraka (Volumes 1-5)

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Fidel Castro and Malcolm X during their historical and symbolic meeting at the Theresa Hotel in Harlem, USA, on 19 September 1960 / © BY US MEDIA.. Related: The symbolism of the meeting between Fidel Castro and Malcolm X is being ignored, mocked — and it should not be.

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Amiri Baraka, “we should involve ourselves in…trying to transform the society” —The Poetry Center

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